Pharmaceutical The research and development of pharmaceuticals is a costly, lengthy, and high-risk venture, spread over four stages of studies: drug discovery, preclinical research, clinical research, and post-marketing studies on safety and effectiveness. The journey of a new drug to the market is estimated to take approximately 10 years and cost billions of US dollars, says Dr Nicola Davies in her exclusive article on the US Food and Drug Administration.1 7 June 2021